USS Constitution‘s 2015 – 2017 dry docking and restoration is winding down and she will be refloated in Boston Harbor later in the summer. At the USS Constitution Museum, however, the third year of a projected multi-year restoration of the Museum’s 1870s Loring model of “Old Ironsides” has just concluded for this season. We have already written about the model in Part I and Part II of our series “Restoring an Icon in Miniature” and we invite you to look back at work already accomplished on the model.

The Loring model restoration takes place during the Museum’s annual ship model show, Masters of Miniature, which ran this year from November 11, 2016 to January 7, 2017.  Earlier work included the removal of the complete rig, spit-cleaning of the decks which were later removed to expose the model’s interior, and vacuuming the interior which revealed small pieces of the model and its equipment that had long-ago broken away or fallen into the model’s bilge. Rob Napier, professional ship model builder and restorer, has taken on the task of re-building and restoring the Loring model. As he takes the model apart, Rob is carefully cataloguing each piece and photographing his finds as he goes along.

The work that Rob began on the model this past year coincidentally mirrored work that has been underway on the actual ship. While the scale of the two restorations is vastly different, the rebuilding and repairs of hull planking, channels, and rigging needs to take place on both ships, big and small.

The Loring model was displayed for many years at Boston’s Old South Meeting House in the early 20th century. On at least one occasion, the model fell off its display stand and crashed to the floor! This year Rob focused on the port main channel (photo below) which likely sustained damage when the model fell. Rob also carried out further cleaning of the model’s interior.

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The port main channel on the 1870s Loring model. Note the ill-fitting chain plates below the channel’s platform and how the channel is no longer level – indications that the model may have fallen on its port side and sustained damage. [Courtesy USS Constitution Museum]

Channels are projecting platforms on either side of a vessel. They extend the spread of the shrouds (the ladder-like lower standing rigging) from the side of the hull, thereby lending greater support and security to the masts. The lines that make up the shrouds are looped around the top of each mast section and then led down to “dead eyes,” the round wooden block with three holes through which the lanyards are laced. The dead eyes are secured on the channels by the “chains” which both help to support the channels and, because the chains are bolted to the side of the vessel, provide the strength to support the shrouds, which support the masts. The section of the 1817 sail plan of USS Constitution, by Charles Ware (below), shows the starboard main and mizzen channels with their dead eyes, through which the shrouds are laced with the lanyards, and the supporting chains under the channels.

 

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Portion of 1817 “USS Constitution Outboard Profile and Sail Plan” by Charles Ware. [Courtesy National Archives and Records Administration]
The Naval History & Heritage Command Detachment Boston riggers have been repairing and rebuilding portions of Constitution‘s rig during the 2015 restoration. In the early autumn of 2016, the starboard mizzen lower shrouds were tightened (below), prior to other rigging elements being re-installed on the ship.

 

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NHHC Detachment Boston riggers Jose Hernandez-Juviel and Jeff Gallagher tighten the starboard mizzen lower shrouds, using chain falls attached to the shrouds and lanyards (that are laced through the round dead eyes). When the shrouds are at the optimum tension, the lanyards are tightly tied off and secured. [Courtesy Naval History & Heritage Command Detachment Boston]

 

 

In order to remove the port main channel on the Loring model, Rob had to remove the individual dead eyes which were also connected to their chains (see below).  Rob placed the dead eyes and chains in an Ultrasonic Cleaner which cleans the objects using ultrasound waves pulsing through a water bath.

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A deadeye with its chain from the Loring model before being placed in the Ultrasonic Cleaner. [Courtesy USS Constitution Museum]

 

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This type of Ultrasonic Cleaner is generally used for cleaning jewelry and fine metals. Rob placed groups of deadeyes in the water bath (each group kept together by a loop of copper wire) and set the digital timer for a few minutes, checking the progress of the cleaning when the timer went off. [Courtesy USS Constitution Museum]
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A port main channel deadeye and its chain from the Loring model after being cleaned in the Ultrasonic Cleaner. The ultrasonic bath removed over a century’s worth of grime from the model’s metal parts. The white color on the chain was revealed through the cleaning and matches the model’s white painted gun stripe. [Courtesy USS Constitution Museum]

Late in 2016, the port fore channel on USS Constitution, which had rotted, was removed and a new one was installed. The platform of the channel is made from four large planks, the inner-most of which is bolted directly to the ship’s hull, thereby anchoring the other sections of the channel. Because Constitution‘s lower shrouds, deadeyes, and chains were not removed when the port fore channel was replaced, a temporary bracing system was installed to support the rigging while the rotten channel was removed and the new one was built in place.

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NHHC Detachment Boston ship restorer Antwine Burdett uses an electric sander and plane on the planks of the new port fore channel on USS Constitution. [Courtesy Naval History & Heritage Command Detachment Boston]

Rob continued cleaning the Loring model by removing two starboard lower hull planks which exposed framing that was filled with debris.

 

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The Loring model, after two continuous lower starboard hull planks were removed. The model’s frames, while somewhat heavy in their dimensions, are not built up in pairs with a few inches of space in between, as is found on the actual ship itself. [Courtesy USS Constitution Museum]
 

In the last two stages of cleaning, Rob used pressurized air to blow dirt out of the model and then, finally, carefully extracted any remaining debris from between the frames.

 

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Using a flexible wire with a clamp on the end, Rob pulled out wood shavings, possibly from the model’s original construction, that weren’t blown out by the pressurized air. [Courtesy USS Constitution Museum]
The removal of a hull plank on the full-scale USS Constitution is a much more involved process than just releasing a few copper nails, as Rob did with the Loring model’s planks. The photograph below shows several rotten starboard bow planks that have been drilled, revealing the numerous galvanized pins that hold the plank in place. The pins are extracted and the rotten plank is removed in sections. Above the rotten planks, a new plank is being installed. Behind the new plank are the closely-spaced live oak frames which create a much more rugged and densely-built structure than the Loring model’s hull structure.

is a starboard bow plank going in - it's essentially the reverse of Rob removing the model's hull plank and exposing the framing behind
A new laminated white oak plank being installed on Constitution’s starboard bow. The heads of the galvanized pins are revealed and waiting to be extracted. The closely-spaced live oak framing was installed in the 1927-1931 restoration. [Courtesy Naval History & Heritage Command Detachment Boston]

USS Constitution‘s 2015 -2017 dry docking is in its final months. Check back often to read about the last restoration projects and preparations for the ship’s un-docking in the summer of 2017.

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The activity that is the subject of this blog article has been financed in part with Federal funds from the National Maritime Heritage Grant program, administered by the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, through the Massachusetts Historical Commission, Secretary of the Commonwealth William Francis Galvin, Chairman. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior, or the Massachusetts Historical Commission, nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation by the Department of the Interior, or the Massachusetts Historical Commission.

The Author(s)

Margherita M. Desy
Historian, Naval History & Heritage Command

Margherita M. Desy is the Historian for USS Constitution at Naval History and Heritage Command Detachment Boston.


Phaedra Scott
Content Developer, USS Constitution Museum

Phaedra Scott was the Content Developer at the USS Constitution Museum from 2016 to 2017.